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Origin and age of the Manila high and associated Big Lake "sunklands" in the New Madrid seismic zone, northeastern Arkansas

¹ Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
² Department of Geological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA

Uplift of the Manila high and subsidence of the south-flowing Little River during the great New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–1812 formed the present lake in Big Lake basin of northern Arkansas. This is the most recent deformation of the 19-km-long Manila high that began between 11 000 and 5400 yr ago and is time transgressive toward the south. At least 4 m of Holocene uplift occurred on the northern portion of the Manila high prior to initiation of the Little River distributary in mid-Holocene time. The distributary is deflected around the high, and overbank sediment derived from it thins and is locally absent across the northern (highest) portion of the high. Deformation along the southern end of the high began between 3500 and 2000 yr ago. Since 3500 yr B.P., 2 m of uplift appears to have caused a reduction in gradient, anastomosing upstream of the uplift, and incision of the Little River across the uplift. North of the Manila high, in the Big Lake basin, the Little River has an increased aggradation rate 10 times that of the preuplift rate. Cores collected in and adjacent to Big Lake indicate that the Little River was ponded twice, apparently in response to deformation in 1811–1812 and between 90 B.C. and A.D. 1640.

Key Words: anastomosing streams • flood plains • lacustrine sediment • Mississippi River valley • neotectonics • New Madrid seismic zone • terraces

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