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Active and inactive groundwater flow systems: Evidence from a stratified, mountainous terrain

Alan L. Mayo^,1, Thomas H. Morris^,1, Steven Peltier^,2, Erik C. Petersen^,3, Kelly Payne^,4, Laura S. Holman^,5, David Tingey^,6, Tamara Fogel^,7, Brian J. Black^,8 and Todd D. Gibbs^,9

¹ Brigham Young University, Department of Geology, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
² ExxonMobil, 795 International Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77024, USA
³ Petersen Hydrologic, 2695 North 600 East, Lehi, Utah 84043, USA
⁴ Norwest Corporation, 12th Floor, 136 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 84111, USA
⁵ ExxonMobil, 233 Benmar, Houston, Texas 77060, USA
⁶ Brigham Young University, Department of Geology, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
⁷ 586 Bradford Lane, Evans, Georgia 30809, USA
⁸ Landmark Graphic Corporation, 15150 Memorial Drive, Houston, Texas 77079, USA
⁹ Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, 1201 Lake Robbins Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, USA

We present a new conceptual model of groundwater flow that describes active and inactive groundwater flow regimes. The model is based on an analysis of interactions between surface water and shallow and deep groundwater in the 240-km-long Wasatch Range and Book Cliffs, Utah, USA. Active zone groundwater flow paths are continuous, responsive to annual recharge and climatic variability, and have groundwater resident times "ages" that become progressively older from recharge to discharge area. Active zone groundwater systems discharge at thousands of springs that issue from the 700+-m-thick, gently dipping, clastic bedrock formations. Springs waters contain appreciable ³H and anthropogenic ¹⁴C.

In contrast, inactive zone groundwater has extremely limited or no communication with annual recharge and has groundwater mean residence times that do not progressively lengthen along the flow path. Groundwater in the inactive zone may be partitioned, occur as discrete bodies, and may occur in hydraulically isolated regions that do not have hydraulic communication with each other. Inactive zone groundwater is encountered in-mines (coal-mines 300–700 m below ground surface) where groundwater discharge rates decline rapidly and the waters have ²H and ¹⁸O compositions that are distinguishable from near surface groundwater. In general, deep waters have no ³H and have mean ¹⁴C residence times of 500 to 20,000 yr (45.9 to 4.9 pmc). Chemical evolution modeling, porosity-permeability core plug analysis, and in-mine hydrographs also indicate hydraulic partitioning.

Key Words: groundwater • conceptual model • isotope chemistry • groundwater age • solute chemistry • sedimentary rocks • mountains

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