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Magma eruption rates constrained by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar chronology and GIS for the Ceboruco–San Pedro volcanic field, western Mexico

Holli M. Frey^,1, Rebecca A. Lange^,1, Chris M. Hall^,1 and Hugo Delgado-Granados^,2

¹ Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1063, USA
² Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, D.F. 04510, Mexico

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology is coupled with quantitative volume determinations (utilizing field mapping, digital elevation models, orthophotos, and geographic information system [GIS] software) to constrain magma eruption rates at the Ceboruco–San Pedro volcanic field (1600 km²) in the western Trans-Mexican arc. Ages are reported for 40 volcanic units, including Volcán Ceboruco (an active, andesitic stratovolcano), peripheral domes, shields, cinder cones, and fissure-fed flows. After a hiatus of 3 m.y., volcanic activity recommenced to produce 80.5 ± 3.5 km³ of magma at a rate of 63 m³/km² per year over the past 0.8 m.y. However, 75% of this volume erupted in the past 100 k.y., including the 51 ± 2.5 km³ of Volcán Ceboruco, equivalent to an eruption rate of 377 m³/km² per year. There have been at least two stages of cone-building activity at Volcán Ceboruco. The main edifice is composed of 38 km³ of precaldera andesites, the youngest dated at 45 ± 8 ka. Their eruption was followed by a hiatus, interrupted by a Plinian eruption at 1 ka. The Plinian eruption and subsequent lava flows are andesite to dacite in composition and constitute 13 km³ of the total volume of Volcán Ceboruco. Overall, the relative proportions of lava types erupted in the past 0.8 m.y. are 18%–19% basaltic andesite, 56%–60% andesite, 18%–22% dacite, and 3% rhyolite. The peripheral lavas are each of small volume, geochemically diverse, and show little evidence of prior storage in an upper-crustal chamber. The eruptive sequence, proportions of lava types, phenocryst assemblages, textures, and geochemistry imply that the lavas do not reflect the differentiation of a single parental liquid in a long-lived magma chamber. The distinct geochemical signatures were present prior to magma emplacement in the upper crust, whereupon subsequent degassing and crystallization led to variable phenocryst abundances and assemblages.

Key Words: eruption rates • 40Ar/39Ar geochronology • GIS • magma evolution • Mexican volcanism

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